Solar photo-voltaic (PV) systems to generate electricity are more popular (but see sections on grants and economics) and becoming more affordable. They consist of large panels mounted on frames, either on a roof or near the ground and, for residential properties, generally do not require planning permission. The output from panels can be connected to the mains, via an inverter and control equipment, or can be stored in battery arrays for off grid properties or to even out supply and demand. South facing locations are preferred and shading from trees or other buildings can dramatically reduce output, even if only a small part of the array is shaded. Current regulations permit a maximum of 3.6kW of micro-generated electricity to be connected to a single phase of the grid and installation must be certified by a registered professional installer.
Wind
Wind power is a good energy source in the right location and wind turbines range from small direct drive turbines, typically 5kW maximum output, to large geared
Draught proofing
Cold draughts are easy to detect and simple measures will deal with many. Door and window seals are cheap and effective – replace them if they are damaged. Suspended wooden floors are usually ventilated with air bricks beneath and gaps between boards or around walls may admit cold draughts. The airflow to joists is needed to prevent rot but draughtproofing or insulating boards may be possible.
Remember that any fuel burning appliances in the house need an adequate air supply so think carefully before making a house airtight. Dedicated air inlets from outside are one solution for stoves etc. Some airflow is also needed to remove the atmospheric moisture from cooking, washing and even breathing, so airtight buildings need proper re-cycling, de-humidifier and heat recovery systems.
Roof insulation
Traditional roof insulation consisted of a relatively thin layer of mineral wool laid across the loft floor. This is totally inadequate and a cheap and simple solution is to add
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